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Essays

Research, observations, and long-form writing.

February 2026

The Energy Transition's Constraints

The energy transition is at times framed as a simple technological upgrade. Swap pipelines for cables and oil for electrons. But viewed through physics, economics, and geopolitics, it is clear that the transition requires redesigning large parts of the system.

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November 2025

Why China Makes More Than It Can Consume

Within the last two decades the label ‘made in China’ has scaled from a joke to an inevitability. People in Europe purchase cheap Chinese household goods to hedge against domestic inflation, electric vehicles are often cheaper than ones manufactured in the EU, the continent imports over 80% of its solar panels from China, and never mind how dependent high tech is on Chinese contribution.

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November 2025

The Fintech Revolution Learns to Bank Like Everyone Else

How the external communication strategies of incumbent banks in Estonia have contributed to a limited adoption and market penetration of fintech alternatives, particularly neobanks.

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